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ESSAYS ON ORIGINS:
Monkeying with the Scopes "Monkey" Trial
by Dr. David N. Menton, Ph.D.
This version copyright (c) 1994 by:
Missouri Association for Creation
_____________________________________________________________________
[No. 17 in a series] November 1994, Vol. 4, No. 11
_____________________________________________________________________
There has never been a stranger trial in the history of American
jurisprudence than the famous Scopes "monkey trial" that took place in
Dayton, Tennessee in 1925. This trial pitted William Jennings Bryan
against Clarence Darrow in a classic confrontation over the teaching of
evolution and creation in the public schools. Regrettably, much
confusion about the important issues raised in this trial has been
perpetuated by the frequent production of the Jerome Lawrence and Robert
E. Lee play _Inherit The Wind_ (and its many film and television
versions). _Inherit The Wind_ is clearly based on the Scopes trial, but
takes considerable theatrical liberties to portray the trial as a moral
triumph of "science" (evolutionism) over Christian "fundamentalism"
(creationism).
The gist of the play is that a young biology teacher is jailed and
tried by local businessmen and clergy for daring to teach evolution in
the high school. Bible-believing Christians, (especially the
"fundamentalist" prosecuting attorney) are portrayed as ignorant,
mean-spirited, and close-minded hypocrites who seek both legal and
divine vengeance against the teacher for his great "crime." They are
opposed by a defense lawyer (a brilliant, broad-minded, and kindly
agnostic) who fights courageously to spare the young teacher from this
army of ignorance. This is all pretty typical "Hollywood" fare, and
would hardly merit our examination were it not for the fact that this
scenario has come to be perceived as essentially a historical account of
the Scopes trial. The facts show otherwise.
The basis for the Scopes trial was a presumed violation of the Butler
Act by teacher John Scopes. The Butler Act declared that it was
unlawful for a teacher in the public schools of Tennessee "to teach any
theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in
the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower
order of animals." This law was one of 36 such bills introduced in 20
states in the 1920s. The Butler act, like many others, did not forbid
teaching the evolution of animals and plants; only human evolution was
proscribed. The maximum fine for violation of the Butler act was $200.
Imprisonment was not a provision of the law and John Scopes was never
jailed.
The whole idea of suing a teacher for teaching evolution was not
conceived by the citizens of Dayton, Tennessee, but rather was promoted
by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in New York City. The ACLU
advertised in newspapers to locate a teacher in Tennessee who would be
willing to test the Butler Act in the courts (with all expenses to be
paid by the ACLU). A Dayton resident, George Rappleyea, saw an ACLU
advertisement in a Chattanooga newspaper and pressured his friend John
Scopes to accept the offer. Unfortunately, Scopes was not a science
teacher (he majored in prelaw) and had never actually taught evolution!
Scopes was a math teacher and football coach who had merely filled in
for the biology teacher (who was ill) for two weeks at the end of the
school year. Still, with Scopes' reluctant permission, Rappleyea
immediately notified the ACLU that "Professor J.T. Scopes, teacher of
science Rhea County high School, will be arrested and charged with
teaching evolution."
The Scopes trial began on July 10th, 1925 and lasted eight days. The
trial became a major media event covered by over 200 newsmen. It was
the first trial to be covered by a national radio broadcast, and the
first to receive international coverage as 65 telegraph operators sent
daily reports over the newly-laid transatlantic cable. Dayton took on a
carnival atmosphere as spectators, "soap box" orators, and vendors
converged on the little town from all over America. Much of this
attention resulted from the fact that two of America's most famous
lawyers faced off on a deeply divisive religious and philosophical issue
-- how did humans come into being, and what control should parents have
over how this subject is handled in our public schools.
The chief lawyer for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, a
popular speaker who is widely regarded as one of America's greatest
orators. Bryan was a leader in the Democratic Party for nearly 30
years, and served as Secretary of State under Woodrow Wilson. Though
politically liberal in many of his views, Bryan was a conservative
Christian who early developed a strong interest in the
creation-evolution controversy. He clearly favored creation, but was
inquisitive enough about evolution to have read Darwin's _On the Origin
of Species_ in 1905 (20 years before the Scopes trial). Bryan was
sufficiently sophisticated in his knowledge of the scientific evidence
to carry on a correspondence-debate with distinguished evolutionists of
his day such as Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn. Bryan publicly declared
that he did not oppose the teaching of evolution in the public schools
as long as it was dealt with as a theory rather than a fact.
The chief lawyer for the defense, Clarence Darrow, was a well-known
criminal lawyer who specialized in defending unpopular people and
causes. Darrow was an outspoken agnostic who was eager to discredit
Biblical Christianity and promote evolutionism. Darrow made it clear in
his autobiography (_The Story of My Life_, Charles Scribner & Sons,
1965) that his only purpose in participating in the Scopes trial was to
make the country aware of evolutionary beliefs, and to publicly ridicule
the beliefs and perceived intentions of fundamentalist Christians.
Darrow could be exceedingly hostile in his treatment of the opposition
and was cited for contempt of court during the Scopes trial for
repeatedly interrupting and insulting Judge Raulston!
Although the only question in the trial was whether or not John
Scopes taught that man evolved from lower orders of animals, the
"defense" mainly sought to promote evolutionism and discredit the
Biblical account of creation. The question of Scopes' guilt or
innocence was of no concern to his "defense." In fact, the lawyers for
the defense actually had to coach Scopes' students (with limited
success) to claim they were taught evolution. To make evolution
believable to the jury, the defense and its witnesses often equated
evolution with the development of the embryo! Though irrelevant to the
case, Darrow had gathered a large group of evolutionists to testify to
the "fact" of evolution. The prosecution successfully demanded the
right to cross-examine these expert witnesses. Darrow was so determined
that his "experts" not be questioned on their evolutionary opinions,
that he refused to call his witnesses to the stand!
In one of the most extraordinary events in the trial, the prosecuting
attorney was actually put on the witness stand (as an expert on the
Bible) to be questioned by the defense! Ignoring the advice of his
fellow counsel, Bryan agreed to be questioned by Darrow on his own
Christian beliefs, with the understanding that he would then have the
opportunity to question Darrow regarding his atheistic beliefs. After
systematically ridiculing Bryan for his acceptance of the miracles and
teachings of the Bible, Darrow asked the judge to instruct the jury to
find his own client (John Scopes) guilty as charged! This incredible
concession served to bring the trial to a speedy conclusion and spared
Darrow from taking the witness stand to be questioned by Bryan. This
ploy also prevented Bryan from giving his closing argument to a
world-wide audience.
In his closing argument (published after the trial, _The Worlds Most
Famous Court Trial_, National Book Company, Cincinnati, 1925 p. 323 &
325), Bryan contrasted the revealed truth of God with the evolutionary
speculations of men:
"Christianity welcomes truth from whatever source it comes, and
is not afraid that any real truth from any source can interfere
with the divine truth that comes from the inspiration of God...
The evolutionist does not undertake to tell us how protozoa,
moved by interior and resident forces, sent life up through all the
various species, and cannot prove that there was actually any
such compelling power at all. And yet, the school children are
asked to accept their guesses and build a philosophy of life upon
them."
_______________________________________________________________________
Dr. Menton received his Ph.D. in Biology from Brown University. He has
been involved in biomedical research and education for over 30 years.
Dr. Menton is President of the Missouri Association for Creation, Inc.
Originally published in:
St. Louis MetroVoice
PO Box 220010
St. Louis, MO 63122
_______________________________________________________________________
Corrections and revisions have been made by the
author from the original published essay.
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